genghis khan

Audio: Ulaanbataar

In this episode of 80 Days: An Exploration Podcast, we’ll be talking about Ulaanbaatar, the capital city of Mongolia. Its modern name means ‘Red Hero’ and it is a city that has had many names including Urga, Örgöö, and Ikh Khuree. Ulaanbaatar was originally founded in 1639 as a nomadic Bhuddist monastery, essentially a moveable city, and was not permanently settled at its current location in 1778, where it became a crucial trading hub between Russia and China. The city is located in present-day north central Mongolia, around 1000km or 700 miles northwest of Beijing and about 500km or 300 miles south of Irkutsk, Russia. Its current population is around 1.5 million, meaning it contains around 50% of Mongolia’s residents, and is comparable in population to San Diego or Munich.

At the end of the 17th century, present-day Mongolia became part of the area ruled by the Manchu-led Qing dynasty. During the 20th century, Mongolia struggled against strong influences from the Soviet Union and China, until the Mongolian Revolution of 1990 led to the establishment of a multi-party democratic system. In terms of climate, it can be extremely chilly here. The city experiences an annual average temperature of −1.3°C (around −30 Fahrenheit) and temperatures in January are as low as −36 to −40 °C, making it the world’s coldest capital city.

Your hosts, as always, are Luke Kelly @thelukejkelly in Dublin, Ireland, Mark Boyle @markboyle86 in the UK, and Joe Byrne @anbeirneach in Galway, Ireland. Our theme music and other stings come from Thomas O’Boyle @thatthomasfella.

We’ve also just launched a merch store in associated with TeePublic. You can find our store by clicking here, with exclusive discounts at the time of publishing.

Some useful resources for further reading include:

Timeline – A Brief History of Mongolia
A. M. Pozdneyev – Presenting the Results of a Trip Taken in 1892 and 1893 Urga or Da Khuree
For ancient history and archaeology, check out: “Archaeology of a sacred mountain: mounds, water, mobility, and cosmologies of the Ikh Bogd Uul, Eastern Altai Mountains, Mongolia” by Cecilia dal Zovo; History of Siberian Archaeology; and more on the Noin Ula Burial Site which Mark mentions here.
On geology, see here

Wikipedia has a whole article on the beautiful Mongolian script we discussed
If you couldn’t quite catch the name of the significant religious leader of the Mongols, more information on his various names on Wikipedia: Jebtsundamba Khutuktu
The New Books Network podcast had a very interesting interview with Uranchimeg Tsultemin the author of “A Monastery on the Move”, which talks about Zanabazaar and his artistic legacy
Another key source for Mark’s second section was The Bloody White Baron by James Parker.
Travels Through Mongolia to China (Vol. 1) by Egor Fedorovich Timkowski is on archive.org (1827)
Also on archive.org is Mongolia, the Tangut country, and the solitudes of northern Tibet, being a narrative of three years’ travel in eastern high Asia by Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalskii (1876)
More on brick tea in The Russian Road to China by Lindon Wallace Bates, on archive.org here. (1910)
InfoMongolia.com
For a more modern perspective, we referenced The Changing World Of Mongolia’s Nomads by Melvyn C. Goldstein
More on the assassination of Mr Sanjaasuregiin Zorig, which Joe discussed, can be found here.
The Guardian also has a great piece on “Mongolia’s New Wealth.”
See here for a news article about the 9th Bogd Khan receiving Mongolian citizenship
Check out the Bogd Khan’s Winter Palace, and the Gandan Monastery
More about the Nadaam festival, and local cuisine
Music from this episode can be found on YouTube, with traditional Mongolian music, as well as some amazing Mongolian throat singing towards the end.

Thanks to all our patrons who support the show. We really appreciate your continued backing of us. If you want to join them, more information is available at www.patreon.com/80dayspodcast

S02E07 Georgia Audio

In this episode of 80 Days: an exploration podcast, we’ll be talking about Georgia. Not the US state, but the country in the south caucasus, known to its inhabitants as “Sakartvelo”. This former Soviet Republic is nestled between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, and is home to around 3.7 Million people with a history dating back thousands of years. Throughout its history, Georgia has been subject to numerous larger powers, including the Mongols, the Ottoman Empire, and dynasties of Persia (Iran) and the Soviet Union. As the Iron Curtain fell, Georgia declared its independence and has operated as a modern Republic ever since. It’s neighbour to the North, Russia, however, has ensured that Georgia’s hold over independence has never been as secure as most Georgians would like. Ethnic conflicts and economic turmoil beset the country throughout the 1990s, culminating in the brief Russo-Georgian war of 2008, from which tensions still remain to this day.

Your hosts are Luke Kelly @thelukejkelly in Hong Kong, Mark Boyle @markboyle86 in the UK, and Joe Byrne @anbeirneach in Switzerland . (Theme music by Thomas O’Boyle)

Here are a few things you may want to read/watch more about:

For general information about the country, we would recommend watching some of the following documentaries: “Georgia and the Great Caucasus“, “Georgia – the Hidden Heart of the Caucasus“, an episode of “Drop Me Off Here” on the country and “Europe in Georgia” (with subtitles). “This Is Georgia” made by Paul Brian while teaching English in rural Georgia gives a nice sense of what the country and its people currently look like
“From the Land of the Golden Fleece: Tomb Treasures of Ancient Georgia” – a podcast from Cambridge University on archaeology and mythology (YouTube)
2002 article in Science describing the oldest discovered Homo erectus skull, found in Georgia
To get a grip on the expanding and contracting borders of Georgia over the centuries, there are two videos available on YouTube, showing changing maps: here, and here
In 1185 Queen Tamar built remarkable thirteen-storey fortress cave city of Vardzia in the Erusheli Mtn, which looks like something out of Lord of the Rings (Atlas Obscura). It survived the coming of the Mongols, but an earthquake and a Shah more or less finished it off. Now some committed monks live there (see it on YouTube). There is also another rock-hewn city called Uplistsikhe which served as capital after Arab conquest of Tbilisi

The stunning mountain fortress of Vardzia today (Wikimedia Commons)

“The History of the Mongols“ podcast gives a comprehensive view of the momentous impact of the Mongol expansion on vast reaches of the world, from China to the Caucasus; (iTunes link) Episodes “Tamerlane” and “Blood and Ink” might be of interest
The text of the last ultimatum from Muhammad Shah to King Erekle II (who was colluding with the Russians), along with various accounts of the related history can be found in the book “Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia” by Door Donald Reyfield (Google Books)
Joseph Stalin (Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili) remembered after 60 years in his home town of Gori, ironically in a church (YouTube)
BBC Witness programme “Georgia in Crisis” contains the story about nurses threatening gangs with TB-infected patients (BBC website)
“Seizing the Reform Movement: Rebuilding Georgia’s Police Force”, (Matthew Devlin) an article on the changes that took place after the Rose Revolution
BBC Newsnight “What Really Happened in South Ossetia” (from 2008, YouTube)
“#REVISITED: Abkhazia, the country that (almost) doesn’t exist” – a report from France24 (YouTube)
“The Russians are Coming: Georgia’s Creeping Occupation” – a VICE documentary, featuring the interview we mentioned with a farmer who came home to find his farm in a different country (YouTube); this CNN article is on a similar theme
Christian Broadcasting Network Feature on Georgia – beautiful scenic shots, and – of course – one or two churches

Most of the music in this episode were examples of Georgian polyphonic singing, a very important style of music, being the oldest polyphonic music in the world (singled out by UNESCO as a vital aspect of cultural heritage).Some examples are:

“Chakrulo”, which was one of 27 musical compositions included on the Voyager Golden Records that were sent into space on Voyager 2 on 20 August 1977.
Here’s another example in the “Georgia and the Great Caucasus” documentary

Georgian folk dancing is also a wonderful tradition, here are a few videos of that:

Finally, we promised to include the video of the insane baptism rituals available in the Georgian Orthodox Church, so from EuroNews, here it is:

A massive thanks to the inimitable Gary O’Daly and Jeffrey Dokar, two of the backers of our recent Kickstarter Campaign – thank you for making Season 2 possible. Big thanks also to Mariam Kalandarshvili for talking to us and helping us understand (and pronounce) some elements of Georgian history; we now know that the capital is T’bee-lee-see! Thanks too to our sponsor Hairy Baby, who in addition to making the funniest Irish-themed t-shirts, have also produced the official 80 Days shirt for our supporters. Find it by clicking here. You can get 10% off anything on www.hairybaby.com by using our promo code “80DAYS”.